Urban public transportation is a collective term referring to various convenient and economical modes of transportation for public use within a city. It encompasses urban road public transportation systems, urban rail transportation systems, urban water public transportation systems, and other urban public transportation systems(sources from medcom.com.pl).
Urban road public transportation systems include regular buses, express buses, light rail, and taxis. Regular buses are the most widely used, with large passenger capacity, while express buses offer faster speeds. Taxis provide personalized door-to-door services but come with higher road resource occupancy, energy consumption, and pollution.
Urban rail transportation systems, known for their rapid and punctual service, low energy consumption, and minimal pollution, are primarily used in large cities with high passenger demand.
Travel modes indicate the proportion of residents using various transportation modes, reflecting the structure and service level of the passenger transport system. Travel purposes include commuting, education, business and shopping, cultural and entertainment activities, socializing, visiting friends and relatives, returning home, and others.
Passenger flows are categorized based on the purpose of transportation into work-related, education-related, and leisure and lifestyle-related. Changes in passenger flow distribution include dynamic flow on the network, directional flow dynamics, and cross-sectional flow dynamics.
High-section observation methods involve selecting road sections with high passenger flow, observing vehicle passenger numbers, and obtaining information on passenger flow. Stationary observation methods station people at various points to record boarding, alighting, and station stay numbers.
The general process of four-stage passenger flow forecasting includes trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and traffic assignment. Passenger flow analysis involves analyzing the dynamic distribution patterns and characteristics of passenger flow based on surveys and predictions.
Dominant modes of urban public transit vary from conventional bus-dominant modes in smaller cities to rapid transit-dominant modes in general large cities and rail transit-dominant modes in super large cities.
Sustainable development models for public transportation include ecological transportation theory, intelligent transportation theory, people-oriented approaches, and transportation theory.
The basic tasks of the city’s public transportation industry focus on operation, organizing and managing services to provide safe, convenient, comfortable, and punctual travel.
Regulatory content covers enterprise market access, compliance with service standards, quality supervision, and operational cost monitoring. Principles for granting route operating rights focus on stable operations, regional centralization, and optimized route networks.
Operational cost audit involves defining reasonable operating income and cost ranges, establishing unit cost standards, and transparently disclosing operating costs to promote cost control.
Operational management includes vehicle operation plans, route changes, fare management, vehicle management, and service quality management. The level of bus service reflects its alignment with residents’ travel needs.
Bus lanes are recommended where peak passenger flow exceeds 6,000 person-times per hour in a one-way road segment. Vehicle operation plans are compiled based on fixed route layouts, changing passenger flow, and production requirements.
Planned vehicle capacity, also known as planned passenger capacity, is specified in the vehicle operation plan. On-site dispatching methods include routine and emergency dispatching, while intelligent dispatching uses real-time information for automatic decision-making.
Ticketing involves fare systems and fare structure arrangements. Disadvantages of BRT systems include road space occupation and potential system instability. Considerations for PRT system installation include transportation efficiency, service level, network system, and environmental protection.
Station management covers areas within the station and its surroundings. Urban rail transit operation and management models range from government-operated modes to semi-public-private partnership modes.
Transport organization of rail transit systems is based on passenger flow plans. When passenger flow distribution is staggered, long-short-turn or short-turn plans can be adopted. The preparation of train schedules involves determining daily operations, establishing principles, collecting data, and seeking opinions.
Crowd control follows an inside-out and bottom-to-top principle. Major passenger flows exceeding station capacity are categorized by general, larger, and significant levels.
Methods for organizing and adjusting passenger flows include increasing train capacity, enhancing ticketing capabilities, implementing temporary diversion measures, and closing entrances or conducting entry-exit diversion.
Emergency warning levels for rail transit operations are categorized from high to low as red, orange, yellow, and blue. Coordination within the urban public transportation system involves internal organization, coordination with auxiliary transportation, coordination between conventional buses and auxiliary transportation, and internal coordination within each subsystem.
Integrated transfer hub design emphasizes minimizing transfer distance, traffic diversion, coordination with surrounding transportation systems, and centralized layout. Operating models for public bike systems include fully market-oriented, partially market-oriented, and government-purchased service models(quotes from medcom).
In the trip generation stage, forecast the trip production and attraction of each traffic zone. In the trip distribution stage, predict the destination and source of trip production and attraction, distributing them between traffic zones.
